What Is the Interquartile Range Rule

The interquartile range rule is useful in detecting the presence of outliers. Outliers are individual values that fall outside of the overall pattern of the rest of the data. This definition is somewhat vague and subjective, so it is helpful to have a rule to help in considering if a data point truly is an outlier. The Interquartile Range Any set of data can be described by its five number summary. These five numbers, in ascending order, consist of: The minimum, or lowest value of the datasetThe first quartile Q1 - this represents a quarter of the way through the list of all the dataThe median of the data set - this represents the midpoint of the list of all of the dataThe third quartile Q3 - this represents three quarters of the way through the list of all the dataThe maximum, or highest value of the data set. These five numbers can be used to tell us quite a bit about our data. For example, the range, which is just the minimum subtracted from the maximum, is one indicator of how to spread out the data set is. Similar to the range, but less sensitive to outliers, is the interquartile range. The interquartile range is calculated in much the same way as the range. All that we do is subtract the first quartile from the third quartile: IQR Q3 – Q1. The interquartile range shows how the data is spread about the median. It is less susceptible than the range to outliers. Interquartile Rule for Outliers The interquartile range can be used to help detect outliers. All that we need to do is to is the following: Calculate the interquartile range for our dataMultiply the interquartile range (IQR) by the number 1.5Add 1.5 x (IQR) to the third quartile. Any number greater than this is a suspected outlier.Subtract 1.5 x (IQR) from the first quartile. Any number less than this is a suspected outlier. It is important to remember that this is a rule of thumb and generally holds. In general, we should follow up in our analysis. Any potential outlier obtained by this method should be examined in the context of the entire set of data. Example We will see this interquartile range rule at work with a numerical example. Suppose we have the following set of data: 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 7, 8, 8, 10, 12, 17. The five number summary for this data set is minimum 1, first quartile 4, median 7, third quartile 10 and maximum 17. We may look at the data and say that 17 is an outlier. But what does our interquartile range rule say? We calculate the interquartile range to be Q3 – Q1 10 – 4 6 We now multiply by 1.5 and have 1.5 x 6 9. Nine less than the first quartile is 4 – 9 -5. No data is less than this. Nine more than the third quartile is 10 9 19. No data is greater than this. Despite the maximum value being five more than the nearest data point, the interquartile range rule shows that it should probably not be considered an outlier for this data set.

Use Of Gibbs Reflective Model ( Gibbs.1998 ) - 1688 Words

This essay uses Gibbs reflective model (Gibbs.1998), to discuss my communication with a relative of a gentleman admitted to the ward I work on. To maintain confidentiality, (Confidentiality Policy.2014), I will use the pseudo name Mr Brown. Description Mr Brown was admitted to the ward from the Emergency Admission Unit, (EMAU), with a chest infection. He also has Alzheimer disease and can no longer care for himself so he has been resident in a nursing home for the past two years. His only relative is his daughter, Miss Brown, who accompanied him to the ward. She appeared angry and upset with staff, complaining that she was unhappy with his treatment and did not want her father sat out of bed unless he was given one to one care. She argued that even though she had repeatedly told nurses on the EMAU that he had fallen at the nursing home, after being left in a chair, unattended, they ignored her and he fell again after being left alone. For several days, she harangued the doctors and nurses at every opportunity about the poor care the NHS had given her father. She continually wanted information and test results from the nursing staff and the doctors, insisting that they stop what they are doing, often during the doctors round or while nurses are giving out drugs. If there were no results, then she insisted that blood tests, x-rays and scans were done. She was very much in what would be known as the, Critical Parent mode according to Transactional Analysis. ‘CriticalShow MoreRelatedReflective Reflection1266 Words   |  6 PagesGibbs (1998) acknowledges that it is not enough just to perform a task to learn. Once something is learnt it is important to reflect upon that learning experience otherwise the learning experience may be neglected. Correspondingly with Gibbs, this piece of writing will critically evaluate key academic sources linked with reflective practice, these include models by Gibbs, Kolb and Schon. One of these reflective models will be used to provide a critical analysis of my experience on the Study SkillsRead MoreReflective Models Used by Nurses Essay891 Words   |  4 PagesReflective Practice Introduction: Reflection its self is looking into personal thoughts and actions. For nurses this would mean looking at how they performed a particular task taking into consideration their interaction with their colleagues and other members of staff, patients and in some cases relatives This then enables the nurse to assess their actions and thought processes. There are various frameworks of reflection that one could choose and the examples used for this workRead MoreAdolescent and Predictable and Unpredictable Elenents of This Transition and Associated Life-Stage1065 Words   |  5 Pagesprofessionals we must discover the nature that is offered to us by responding and using reflective thoughts to enhance the important aspects in society (Lauder et al 2004). 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A significant relationship is found between reflective writing and academic learning, as one can identify the need for self-development, critical review, awareness of individual functions and decisions. Reflective writing is valuable for students to identify their role when working with others (Anne Sen, 2010). 1Read MoreReflective Practices and Health Care Essay1318 Words   |  6 PagesIn recent years, reflection and reflective practice have become well-known term with in the health care arena. They are words that have been debated and discussed with in the health care setting (Tony and Sue 2006). Reflective practice is essential for nurses, as nurses are responsible for providing care to the best of their ability to patients and their families (NMC, 2008). Reid (1993) states reflection is a process of reviewing an experience of practice in order to describe, analyse, evaluateRead MoreCritical Incident1756 Words   |  8 Pagesthat effective communication is key to patient health outcomes and language has influence on effective communication. . There are various reflective models written by various theorists and they include: Atkins and Murphy (1993) Stephen (1993) Johns (1988) Gibbs (1988) For this critical incident the model I have chosen to use is Gibbs (1988) reflective model as a guide because it is more understandable and will reflects more clearly on this critical incident. It is widely known that experienceRead MoreReflection on Nursing Handover2240 Words   |  9 Pageschanged to protect indentity. Reflective writing is considered a key component of portfolio assessment because it provides evidence of skills development and increasing clinical competence (Smith 2005). What is reflection? Reflection is defined by Wilkinson (1996) as an active process whereby the professional gains an understanding of how historical, social, cultural, cognitive and personal experiences have contributed to professional knowledge and practice. Reflective practice can take place in-actionRead MoreReflection Of Reflection And Reflective Practice1584 Words   |  7 Pagesdemonstrate my understanding of reflection and reflective practice. Reflection means that we learn by thinking about our experiences and seeing them in a different way. (Dewey, 1938) suggested that, ‘we learn by doing and realising what came of what we did’. Nurses experience physical, hands on, during their roles, but unless they search for the knowledge that comes from realising what came of what they did, then practice standards will deteriorate. Reflective practice is vital for nurses, responsible

Dependency on Computer free essay sample

Lots of people accept the most invention that is computer. While people didn’t need to computers in the days of old, nowadays computers are used almost everywhere. The life without computer is impossible for people. Not only computer but, also internet. We are so much dependent on computers. Although PCs make many things esaier for us, there are some evidence that depending on computers brings negative results. Supporters of dependence on computers a good thing say that we can learn easily information about whatever we want, find a friend who live to other cities, and work from home on computers. We know that science and teconology will be more developed, our life can easier use computers. However, such an argument completely ignores that fact that people will be more dependence on computers each passing days. Computers makes us lazy and passive. Before computers, we did lots of thing such as go to the park, visit to friends but now we don’t do that we want to stay at home with our computers. Argues that computers today have become an inseparable part of our lives, making a difference not just at the work place, but also in our personal lives. Written in 2005; 1,634 words; 7 sources; Paper Summary: This paper is about how society has changed due to technology and how much humans depend on technology and what a big part of our lives it is. It discusses how the technological revolution has changed the way we function and looks at our dependency on technology in our day-to-day lives. From the Paper: Only a few years ago we were not able to pick up the phone and call our neighbors without the operators assistance. Parents would have to send telegrams to there children at college to go to the central post office to receive their long-distance phone call. But today is much different. We have come a long way with our new technological advancements. We have gone far beyond just being able to direct dial any country in the world. Going a day without cellular phones, fax machines, computers, and satellites would pose a great challenge. Society has quickly moved into the information age. The information age is a time in which the internet has provided us with endless amounts of information. With the Internet, we have instant access to information, people and an array of services. The internet is almost becoming a necessity in our lives. The personal computer is a necessity in many peoples lives. The dependence on computers is growing and the question is, are we too dependent on our computers and the internet? Advantages of Computer Networks Following are some of the advantages of computer networks. * File Sharing: The major advantage of a computer network is that is allows file sharing and remote file access. A person sitting at one workstation of a network can easily see the files present on the other workstation, provided he is authorized to do so. It saves the time which is wasted in copying a file from one system to another, by using a storage device. In addition to that, many people can access or update the information stored in a database, making it up-to-date and accurate. * Resource Sharing: Resource sharing is also an important benefit of a computer network. For example, if there are four people in a family, each having their own computer, they will require four modems (for the Internet connection) and four printers, if they want to use the resources at the same time. A computer network, on the other hand, provides a cheaper alternative by the provision of resource sharing. In this way, all the four computers can be interconnected, using a network, and just one modem and printer can efficiently provide the services to all four members. The facility of shared folders can also be availed by family members. * Increased Storage Capacity: As there is more than one computer on a network which can easily share files, the issue of storage capacity gets resolved to a great extent. A standalone computer might fall short of storage memory, but when many computers are on a network, memory of different computers can be used in such case. One can also design a storage server on the network in order to have a huge storage capacity. * Increased Cost Efficiency: There are many softwares available in the market which are costly and take time for installation. Computer networks resolve this issue as the software can be stored or installed on a system or a server and can be used by the different workstations. Disadvantages of Computer Networks Following are some of the major disadvantages of computer networks. * Security Issues: One of the major drawbacks of computer networks is the security issues involved. If a computer is a standalone, physical access becomes necessary for any kind of data theft. However, if a computer is on a network, a computer hacker can get unauthorized access by using different tools. In case of big organizations, various network security softwares are used to prevent the theft of any confidential and classified data. * Rapid Spread of Computer Viruses: If any computer system in a network gets affected by computer virus, there is a possible threat of other systems getting affected too. Viruses get spread on a network easily because of the interconnectivity of workstations. Such spread can be dangerous if the computers have important database which can get corrupted by the virus. * Expensive Set Up: The initial set up cost of a computer network can be high depending on the number of computers to be connected. Costly devices like routers, switches, hubs, etc. , can add up to the bills of a person trying to install a computer network. He will also have to buy NICs (Network Interface Cards) for each of the workstations, in case they are not inbuilt. * Dependency on the Main File Server: In case the main File Server of a computer network breaks down, the system becomes useless. In case of big networks, the File Server should be a powerful computer, which often makes it expensive. A person should get well acquainted with the advantages and disadvantages of computer networks, before setting one up for his personal or office use. A knowledge of the pros and cons of computer networks can help him in designing a useful system for himself. By Swapnil Srivastava 1. - Is dependence on computers a good thing? - Every organisation today, let it be big or small is more or less dependent on computers. In other words, say it like this We have become techie! . I have often heard people using antediluvian(old-fashioned, out-of-date) for organisations/people not having the knowledge on computers operation. Computer is an efficient mean connecting you to the world, it is fast, and moreover you dont have to be necessarily at the work position to carry out your work. Its good that we are searching for efficient means for carrying out our work but still there is one question that peeps into mind Is dependence on computers a good thing? Dependence makes us impeach or incapable of doing things on our own thats why we need independence . In the similar manner totally depending on computer is not a good thing . We should use but not depend upon it . If we depend on them at some point of time we might end up at nothing but sitting idle as it is a machine and might breakdown so it very much advised that we must not depend on them altogether but make use of them. Dependence on anything at all is not a good idea if one sacrifices the ability to think for oneself. It is always advisable to use a range of strategies to manage ones life. Having said that, Im wondering what you mean by dependence. Its hard to imagine anyone not being able to live without computers. It is a fact that in todays world computers open up ones life to a broader and deeper range of information and knowledge than has previously been available to ordinary people. To not avail oneself of using a computer would be a shame. It is the technology of today: the increase ones independence. I love them and I would miss them if notavailable but it wouldnt be the end of the world This technology was developed to make things easier for us. However, too much dependence on computers is not a good thing for the following reasons: 1) because these things make our lives easier, being too dependent on them makes us not use our minds that often anymore; 2) because these are machines, there is a possibility of them bogging down and if they do, just think of how you would feel if you rely on them for almost everything and get this. dont you notice that when you are rushing some work on the computer, thats when it chooses to function slowly or even not to function well? t happened to me and my classmates in the wake of the cram sessions to finish our projects and theses in college, and many other times. Our theory is the computer catches our brainwaves so that when we panic, it acts like its also under a lot of stress; 3) how do you feel after working (or playing) in front of the computer for hours? drained right? because these things emit kind of waves (im not sure if they are called radioactive waves) which are not good for th e eyes and make us really tired you would think they zap us of our energy. Well yes, these thingamajigs make our lives a breeze. Thanks to the countless people who have contributed to the development of computers. And its hard to imagine life without them. But then, we should interact with people more than these machines. Forging relationships with real people will give you lasting happiness and contentment. Dont make a true friend or girl/boyfriend out of these machines. Computers are just to make things easier and faster. We are using the technology for a better life. I cant imagine a world without computers now. We are more than dependent on computer. It has become part and parcel of our lives. Whether it is bad or good, we cant stop depending on it. Dependency On Computer Since their invention, people far and wide have become increasingly dependent on computers. Computers have found their way into just about every aspect of our lives, and in most cases, they make things easier for us. They allow us to work from home, socialize with our friends and family who live too far away to visit, and they provide an ever-welcome stress relief when we come home from school or work and just want to have some fun. But as we increasingly rely on computers to get through the day, the question begs to be asked: have we become too dependent on computers? However, its still important to maintain a life outside of the cyber world; a life spent attached to a computer screen isnt a real life. When a computer becomes the central point of a persons life, they undergo a change in behaviour; they become lazy and develop anti-social tendencies, and, in some severe cases, simply cannot function without a computer. Its a common thing to see with children who have been allowed to spend too much time on the computer, watching TV, or playing video games: when it comes time to walk away, they throw temper tantrums. But its not just a matter of behavioural changes when a person cant tear themselves away from the screen long enough to take part in any other activity, it can take a toll on their comfort and health. They may experience weight gain, strained eyes, and headaches, among other unpleasant side-effects. However, it can also be argued that this is not the fault of the computer, but rather the fault of the person. Perhaps the most convincing argument, however, is the issue of safety. Aside from the issue of sharing personal information such as full names and addresses, there is also the bigger issue of stolen personal information. As our dependence on computers grows, so does our comfort level with them, and we are more likely to save personal information to our computer. While it would be nice to think that it is always perfectly safe to do so, the